116 lines
4.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
116 lines
4.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _pyboard_tutorial_switch:
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Switches, callbacks and interrupts
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==================================
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The pyboard has 2 small switches, labelled USR and RST. The RST switch
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is a hard-reset switch, and if you press it then it restarts the pyboard
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from scratch, equivalent to turning the power off then back on.
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The USR switch is for general use, and is controlled via a Switch object.
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To make a switch object do::
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>>> sw = pyb.Switch()
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Remember that you may need to type ``import pyb`` if you get an error that
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the name ``pyb`` does not exist.
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With the switch object you can get its status::
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>>> sw.value()
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False
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This will print ``False`` if the switch is not held, or ``True`` if it is held.
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Try holding the USR switch down while running the above command.
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There is also a shorthand notation to get the switch status, by "calling" the
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switch object::
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>>> sw()
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False
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Switch callbacks
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----------------
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The switch is a very simple object, but it does have one advanced feature:
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the ``sw.callback()`` function. The callback function sets up something to
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run when the switch is pressed, and uses an interrupt. It's probably best
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to start with an example before understanding how interrupts work. Try
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running the following at the prompt::
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>>> sw.callback(lambda:print('press!'))
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This tells the switch to print ``press!`` each time the switch is pressed
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down. Go ahead and try it: press the USR switch and watch the output on
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your PC. Note that this print will interrupt anything you are typing, and
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is an example of an interrupt routine running asynchronously.
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As another example try::
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>>> sw.callback(lambda:pyb.LED(1).toggle())
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This will toggle the red LED each time the switch is pressed. And it will
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even work while other code is running.
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To disable the switch callback, pass ``None`` to the callback function::
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>>> sw.callback(None)
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You can pass any function (that takes zero arguments) to the switch callback.
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Above we used the ``lambda`` feature of Python to create an anonymous function
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on the fly. But we could equally do::
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>>> def f():
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... pyb.LED(1).toggle()
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...
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>>> sw.callback(f)
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This creates a function called ``f`` and assigns it to the switch callback.
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You can do things this way when your function is more complicated than a
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``lambda`` will allow.
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Note that your callback functions must not allocate any memory (for example
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they cannot create a tuple or list). Callback functions should be relatively
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simple. If you need to make a list, make it beforehand and store it in a
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global variable (or make it local and close over it). If you need to do
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a long, complicated calculation, then use the callback to set a flag which
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some other code then responds to.
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Technical details of interrupts
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-------------------------------
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Let's step through the details of what is happening with the switch
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callback. When you register a function with ``sw.callback()``, the switch
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sets up an external interrupt trigger (falling edge) on the pin that the
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switch is connected to. This means that the microcontroller will listen
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on the pin for any changes, and the following will occur:
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1. When the switch is pressed a change occurs on the pin (the pin goes
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from low to high), and the microcontroller registers this change.
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2. The microcontroller finishes executing the current machine instruction,
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stops execution, and saves its current state (pushes the registers on
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the stack). This has the effect of pausing any code, for example your
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running Python script.
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3. The microcontroller starts executing the special interrupt handler
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associated with the switch's external trigger. This interrupt handler
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gets the function that you registered with ``sw.callback()`` and executes
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it.
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4. Your callback function is executed until it finishes, returning control
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to the switch interrupt handler.
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5. The switch interrupt handler returns, and the microcontroller is
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notified that the interrupt has been dealt with.
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6. The microcontroller restores the state that it saved in step 2.
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7. Execution continues of the code that was running at the beginning. Apart
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from the pause, this code does not notice that it was interrupted.
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The above sequence of events gets a bit more complicated when multiple
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interrupts occur at the same time. In that case, the interrupt with the
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highest priority goes first, then the others in order of their priority.
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The switch interrupt is set at the lowest priority.
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Further reading
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---------------
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For further information about using hardware interrupts see
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:ref:`writing interrupt handlers <isr_rules>`.
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