We'll use SO_BINDTODEVICE instead of fancy policy routing. This has
some limitations: for example, we will route all traffic through the
interface that has the main "default" (0.0.0.0/0) route, so machines
that have multiple physical interfaces might have to go through DERP to
get to some peers. But machines with multiple physical interfaces are
very likely to have policy routing (ip rule) support anyway.
So far, the only OS I know of that needs this feature is ChromeOS
(crostini). Fixes#245.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
Otherwise iOS/macOS will reconfigure their routing every time anything
minor changes in the netmap (in particular, endpoints and DERP homes),
which is way too often.
Some users reported "network reconfigured" errors from Chrome when this
happens.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
This allows tailscaled's own traffic to bypass Tailscale-managed routes,
so that things like tailscale-provided default routes don't break
tailscaled itself.
Progress on #144.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
We canceled the pingers in Close, but didn't wait around for their
goroutines to be cleaned up. This caused the ipn/e2e_test to catch
pingers in its resource leak check.
This commit introduces an object, but also simplifies the semantics
around the pinger's cancel functions. They no longer need to be called
while holding the mutex.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
Specifically, this sequence:
iptables -N ts-forward
iptables -A ts-forward -m mark --mark 0x10000 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -j ts-forward
doesn't work on Debian-9-using-nftables, but this sequence:
iptables -N ts-forward
iptables -A FORWARD -j ts-forward
iptables -A ts-forward -m mark --mark 0x10000 -j ACCEPT
does work.
I'm sure the reason why is totally fascinating, but it's an old version
of iptables and the bug doesn't seem to exist on modern nftables, so
let's refactor our code to add rules in the always-safe order and
pretend this never happened.
Fixes#401.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
On startup, and when switching into =off and =nodivert, we were
deleting netfilter rules even if we weren't the ones that added them.
In order to avoid interfering with rules added by the sysadmin, we have
to be sure to delete rules only in the case that we added them in the
first place.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
Instead of retrieving the list of chains, or the list of rules in a
chain, just try deleting the ones we don't want and then adding the
ones we do want. An error in flushing/deleting still means the rule
doesn't exist anymore, so there was no need to check for it first.
This avoids the need to parse iptables output, which avoids the need to
ever call iptables -S, which fixes#403, among other things. It's also
much more future proof in case the iptables command line changes.
Unfortunately the iptables go module doesn't properly pass the iptables
command exit code back up when doing .Delete(), so we can't correctly
check the exit code there. (exit code 1 really means the rule didn't
exist, rather than some other weird problem).
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
This removes the use of suppress_ifgroup and fwmark "x/y" notation,
which are, among other things, not available in busybox and centos6.
We also use the return codes from the 'ip' program instead of trying to
parse its output.
I also had to remove the previous hack that routed all of 100.64.0.0/10
by default, because that would add the /10 route into the 'main' route
table instead of the new table 88, which is no good. It was a terrible
hack anyway; if we wanted to capture that route, we should have
captured it explicitly as a subnet route, not as part of the addr. Note
however that this change affects all platforms, so hopefully there
won't be any surprises elsewhere.
Fixes#405
Updates #320, #144
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
Instead of hard-coding the DERP map (except for cmd/tailscale netcheck
for now), get it from the control server at runtime.
And make the DERP map support multiple nodes per region with clients
picking the first one that's available. (The server will balance the
order presented to clients for load balancing)
This deletes the stunner package, merging it into the netcheck package
instead, to minimize all the config hooks that would've been
required.
Also fix some test flakes & races.
Fixes#387 (Don't hard-code the DERP map)
Updates #388 (Add DERP region support)
Fixes#399 (wgengine: flaky tests)
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
The comment module is compiled out on several embedded systems (and
also gentoo, because netfilter can't go brrrr with comments holding it
back). Attempting to use comments results in a confusing error, and a
non-functional firewall.
Additionally, make the legacy rule cleanup non-fatal, because we *do*
have to probe for the existence of these -m comment rules, and doing
so will error out on these systems.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
Our new build scripts try to build ipn-go-bridge on more than just
linux and darwin, so let's enable this file so it can be successful on
every platform.
This didn't catch anything yet, but it's good practice for detecting
goroutine leaks that we might not find otherwise.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
If a test calls log.Printf, 'go test' horrifyingly rearranges the
output to no longer be in chronological order, which makes debugging
virtually impossible. Let's stop that from happening by making
log.Printf panic if called from any module, no matter how deep, during
tests.
This required us to change the default error handler in at least one
http.Server, as well as plumbing a bunch of logf functions around,
especially in magicsock and wgengine, but also in logtail and backoff.
To add insult to injury, 'go test' also rearranges the output when a
parent test has multiple sub-tests (all the sub-test's t.Logf is always
printed after all the parent tests t.Logf), so we need to screw around
with a special Logf that can point at the "current" t (current_t.Logf)
in some places. Probably our entire way of using subtests is wrong,
since 'go test' would probably like to run them all in parallel if you
called t.Parallel(), but it definitely can't because the're all
manipulating the shared state created by the parent test. They should
probably all be separate toplevel tests instead, with common
setup/teardown logic. But that's a job for another time.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
Right now, filtering and packet injection in wgengine depend
on a patch to wireguard-go that probably isn't suitable for upstreaming.
This need not be the case: wireguard-go/tun.Device is an interface.
For example, faketun.go implements it to mock a TUN device for testing.
This patch implements the same interface to provide filtering
and packet injection at the tunnel device level,
at which point the wireguard-go patch should no longer be necessary.
This patch has the following performance impact on i7-7500U @ 2.70GHz,
tested in the following namespace configuration:
┌────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ ┌────────────────┐
│ $ns1 │ │ $ns0 │ │ $ns2 │
│ client0 │ │ tailcontrol, logcatcher │ │ client1 │
│ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌──────┐ ┌──────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │
│ │vethc│───────┼────┼──│vethrc│ │vethrs│──────┼─────┼──│veths│ │
│ ├─────┴─────┐ │ │ ├──────┴────┐ ├──────┴────┐ │ │ ├─────┴─────┐ │
│ │10.0.0.2/24│ │ │ │10.0.0.1/24│ │10.0.1.1/24│ │ │ │10.0.1.2/24│ │
│ └───────────┘ │ │ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ │ │ └───────────┘ │
└────────────────┘ └─────────────────────────────────┘ └────────────────┘
Before:
---------------------------------------------------
| TCP send | UDP send |
|------------------------|------------------------|
| 557.0 (±8.5) Mbits/sec | 3.03 (±0.02) Gbits/sec |
---------------------------------------------------
After:
---------------------------------------------------
| TCP send | UDP send |
|------------------------|------------------------|
| 544.8 (±1.6) Mbits/sec | 3.13 (±0.02) Gbits/sec |
---------------------------------------------------
The impact on receive performance is similar.
Signed-off-by: Dmytro Shynkevych <dmytro@tailscale.com>
This saves a layer of translation, and saves us having to
pass in extra bits and pieces of the netmap and prefs to
wgengine. Now it gets one Wireguard config, and one OS
network stack config.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
Defensive programming against #368 in environments other than Docker,
e.g. if you try using Tailscale in Alpine Linux directly, sans
container.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
The iptables package we use doesn't include command output, so we're
left with guessing what went wrong most of the time. This will at
least narrow things down to which operation failed.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
Instead, pass in only exactly the relevant configuration pieces
that the OS network stack cares about.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
New logic installs precise filters for subnet routes,
plays nice with other users of netfilter, and lays the
groundwork for fixing routing loops via policy routing.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
This depends on improved support from the control server, to send the
new subnet width (Bits) fields. If these are missing, we fall back to
assuming their value is /32.
Conversely, if the server sends Bits fields to an older client, it will
interpret them as /32 addresses. Since the only rules we allow are
"accept" rules, this will be narrower or equal to the intended rule, so
older clients will simply reject hosts on the wider subnet (fail
closed).
With this change, the internal filter.Matches format has diverged
from the wire format used by controlclient, so move the wire format
into tailcfg and convert it to filter.Matches in controlclient.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
Longer term, we should probably update the packet filter to be fully
stateful, for both TCP and ICMP. That is, only ICMP packets related to
a session *we* initiated should be allowed back in. But this is
reasonably secure for now, since wireguard is already trimming most
traffic. The current code would not protect against eg. Ping-of-Death style
attacks from VPN nodes.
Fixestailscale/tailscale#290.
Signed-off-by: Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tailscale.com>
This was only done occasionally, but was extremely disruptive
when done and is no longer necessary.
It used to be that when switching links, we had to immediately
generate handshakes to everyone we were communicating with to
punch a hole in any NAT we were talking through. (This ended up
not really working, because in the process we got rid of our
session keys and ended up having a futile conversation for many
seconds.)
Now we have DERP, our link change propogates to the other side
as a new list of endpoints, so they start spraying packets.
We will definitely get one thanks to DERP, which will cause us
to spray, opening any NAT we are behind.
The result is that for good connections, we don't trash session
keys and cause an interruption.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
It was one of the top garbage producers on my phone.
It's slated to be deleted and replaced anyway, but this helps in the
meantime.
The go.sum changes look scary, but the new dep only adds 240 bytes to
the binary. The go.sum noise is just cmd/go being aggressive in
including a lot of stuff (which is being fixed in Go 1.15, for what I
understand). And I ran a go mod tidy, which added some too. (I had to
write a custom wrapper around go mod tidy because this mod tidy
normally breaks on tailscale.io/control being missing but referenced
in tests)
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
The docs on magicsock.Conn stated that they implemented the
wireguard/device.Bind interface, yet this type does not exist. In
reality, the Conn type implements the wireguard/conn.Bind interface.
I also fixed a small typo in the same file.
Signed-off-by: Blake Gentry <blakesgentry@gmail.com>
* remove endpoint discovery noise when results unchanged
* consistently spell derp nodes as "derp-N"
* replace "127.3.3.40:" with "derp-" in CreateEndpoint log output
* stop early DERP setup before SetPrivateKey is called;
it just generates log nosie
* fix stringification of peer ShortStrings (it had an old %x on it,
rendering it garbage)
* describe why derp routes are changing, with one of:
shared home, their home, our home, alt
Add opt-in method to request IPv6 endpoints from the control plane.
For now they should just be skipped. A previous version of this CL was
unconditional and reportedly had problems that I can't reproduce. So
make it a knob until the mystery is solved.
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
Breaks something deep in wireguard or magicsock's brainstem, no packets at all
can flow. All received packets fail decryption with "invalid mac1".
This reverts commit 94024355ed.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <dave@natulte.net>
More steps towards IPv6 transport.
We now send it to tailcontrol, which ignores it.
But it doesn't actually actually support IPv6 yet (outside of STUN).
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
Use this when making the ipn state transition from Starting to
Running. This way a network of quiet nodes with no active
handshaking will still transition to Active.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
Typically the home DERP server is found and set on startup before
magicsock's SetPrivateKey can be called, so no DERP connection is
established. Make sure one is by kicking the home DERP tires in
SetPrivateKey.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
The code as written intended to do this, but it repeated the
comparison of derpNum and c.myDerp after c.myDerp had been
updated, so it never executed.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
Before, endpoint updates were constantly being interrupted and resumed
on Linux due to tons of LinkChange messages from over-zealous Linux
netlink messages (from router_linux.go)
Now that endpoint updates are fast and bounded in time anyway, just
let them run to completion, but note that another needs to be
scheduled after.
Now logs went from pages of noise to just:
root@taildoc:~# grep -i -E 'stun|endpoint update' log
2020/03/13 08:51:29 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (initial)
2020/03/13 08:51:30 magicsock.Conn.ReSTUN: endpoint update active, need another later ("link-change-minor")
2020/03/13 08:51:31 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (link-change-minor)
2020/03/13 08:51:31 magicsock.Conn.ReSTUN: endpoint update active, need another later ("link-change-minor")
2020/03/13 08:51:33 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (link-change-minor)
2020/03/13 08:51:33 magicsock.Conn.ReSTUN: endpoint update active, need another later ("link-change-minor")
2020/03/13 08:51:35 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (link-change-minor)
2020/03/13 08:51:35 magicsock.Conn.ReSTUN: endpoint update active, need another later ("link-change-minor")
Or, seen in another run:
2020/03/13 08:45:41 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (periodic)
2020/03/13 08:46:09 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (periodic)
2020/03/13 08:46:21 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (link-change-major)
2020/03/13 08:46:37 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (periodic)
2020/03/13 08:47:05 magicsock.Conn: starting endpoint update (periodic)
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
The TODO above derphttp.NewClient suggests it does network I/O,
but the derphttp client connects lazily and so creating one is
very cheap.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
It used to make assumptions based on having Anycast IPs that are super
near. Now we're intentionally going to a bunch of different distant
IPs to measure latency.
Also, optimize how the hairpin detection works. No need to STUN on
that socket. Just use that separate socket for sending, once we know
the other UDP4 socket's endpoint. The trick is: make our test probe
also a STUN packet, so it fits through magicsock's existing STUN
routing.
This drops netcheck from ~5 seconds to ~250-500ms.
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
Failure to do this leads to fd exhaustion at -count=10000,
and increasingly poor execution north of -count=100.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
Failure to do so triggers either a data race or a panic
in the testing package, due to racey use of t.Logf.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
Basically, don't trust the OS-level link monitor to only tell you
interesting things. Sanity check it.
Also, move the interfaces package into the net directory now that we
have it.
This was (presumably) missing from wgengine because the
interactions between magicsock and wireguard-go meant that the
shutdown never worked. Now those are fixed, actually shut down.
Fixes occasional flake in expanded ipn/e2e_test.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
The device name "tailscale0" will be used for all platforms except for
OpenBSD where "tun" is enforced by the kernel. `CreateTUN()` in
`wireguard-go` will select the next available "tunX" device name on the
OpenBSD system.
Signed-off-by: Martin Baillie <martin@baillie.email>
The UDP reader goroutine was clobbering `n` and `err` from the
main goroutine, whose accesses are not synchronized the way `b` is.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
wireguard-go closes magicsock, and expects this to unblock reads
so that its internal goroutines can wind down. We were incorrectly
blocking the read indefinitey and breaking this contract.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
It's extremely flaky in several dimensions, as well as very slow.
It's making the CI completely red all the time without telling us
useful information.
Set RUN_CURSED_TESTS=1 to run locally.
This change just alters the semantics of the one flaky test, without
trying to speed up timeouts on the others. Empirically, speeding up
the timeouts causes _more_ flakes right now :(
The remaining flake occurs due to a mysterious packet loss. This
doesn't affect normal tailscaled operations, so until I track down
where the loss occurs and fix it, the flaky test is going to be
lenient about packet loss (but not about whether the spray logic
worked).
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
It previously passed incorrectly due to bugs. With those fixed,
it becomes flaky for 2 reasons. One of them is the wireguard handshake
race, which can eat the 1st sprayed packet and prevent roamAddr
discovery. This change fixes that failure, by spreading the test
traffic out enough that additional spraying occurs.
Signed-Off-By: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
The previous code would skip the DERP short-circuit if roamAddr
was set, which is not what we wanted. More generally, hitting
any of the fast path conditions is a direct return, so we can
just have 3 standalone branches rather than 'else if' stuff.
Signed-Off-By: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
The effect is subtle: when we're not spraying packets, and have not yet
figured out a curAddr, and we're not spraying, we end up sending to
whatever the first IP is in the iteration order. In English, that
means "when we have no idea where to send packets, and we've given
up on sending to everyone, just send to the first addr we see in
the list."
This is, in general, what we want, because the addrs are in sorted
preference order, low to high, and DERP is the least preferred
destination. So, when we have no idea where to send, send to DERP,
right?
... Except for very historical reasons, appendDests iterated through
addresses in _reverse_ order, most preferred to least preferred.
crawshaw@ believes this was part of the earliest handshaking
algorithm magicsock had, where it slowly iterated through possible
destinations and poked handshakes to them one at a time.
Anyway, because of this historical reverse iteration, in the case
described above of "we have no idea where to send", the code would
end up sending to the _most_ preferred candidate address, rather
than the _least_ preferred. So when in doubt, we'd end up firing
packets into the blackhole of some LAN address that doesn't work,
and connectivity would not work.
This case only comes up if all your non-DERP connectivity options
have failed, so we more or less failed to detect it because we
didn't have a pathological test box deployed. Worse, codependent
bug 2839854994 made DERP accidentally
work sometimes anyway by incorrectly exploiting roamAddr behavior,
albeit at the cost of making DERP traffic symmetric. In fixing
DERP to once again be asymmetric, we effectively removed the
bandaid that was concealing this bug.
Signed-Off-By: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
DERP traffic is asymmetric by design, with nodes always sending
to their peer's home DERP server. However, if roamAddr is set,
magicsock will always push data there, rather than let DERP
server selection do its thing, so we end up accidentally
creating a symmetric flow.
Signed-Off-By: David Anderson <danderson@tailscale.com>
I started to write a full DNS caching resolver and I realized it was
overkill and wouldn't work on Windows even in Go 1.14 yet, so I'm
doing this tiny one instead for now, just for all our netcheck STUN
derp lookups, and connections to DERP servers. (This will be caching a
exactly 8 DNS entries, all ours.)
Fixes#145 (can be better later, of course)
The value predates the introduction of AddrSet which replaces
the index by tracking curAddr directly.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
This avoids a non-obvious data race, where the JSON decoder ends
up creating do-nothing writes into global variables.
==================
WARNING: DATA RACE
Write at 0x0000011e1860 by goroutine 201:
tailscale.com/wgengine/packet.(*IP).UnmarshalJSON()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/wgengine/packet/packet.go:83 +0x2d9
encoding/json.(*decodeState).literalStore()
/home/crawshaw/go/go/src/encoding/json/decode.go:877 +0x445e
...
encoding/json.Unmarshal()
/home/crawshaw/go/go/src/encoding/json/decode.go:107 +0x1de
tailscale.com/control/controlclient.(*Direct).decodeMsg()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/control/controlclient/direct.go:615 +0x1ab
tailscale.com/control/controlclient.(*Direct).PollNetMap()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/control/controlclient/direct.go:525 +0x1053
tailscale.com/control/controlclient.(*Client).mapRoutine()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/control/controlclient/auto.go:428 +0x3a6
Previous read at 0x0000011e1860 by goroutine 86:
tailscale.com/wgengine/filter.matchIPWithoutPorts()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/wgengine/filter/match.go:108 +0x91
tailscale.com/wgengine/filter.(*Filter).runIn()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/wgengine/filter/filter.go:147 +0x3c6
tailscale.com/wgengine/filter.(*Filter).RunIn()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/wgengine/filter/filter.go:127 +0xb0
tailscale.com/wgengine.(*userspaceEngine).SetFilter.func1()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/oss/wgengine/userspace.go:390 +0xfc
github.com/tailscale/wireguard-go/device.(*Device).RoutineDecryption()
/home/crawshaw/repo/corp/wireguard-go/device/receive.go:295 +0xa1f
For #112
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
Because wgLock is held while some wireguard-go methods run,
trying to hold wgLock during HandshakeDone potentially creates
lock cycles between wgengine and internals of wireguard-go.
Arguably wireguard-go should call HandshakeDone in a new goroutine,
but until its API promises that, don't make any assumptions here.
Maybe for #110.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
For 3 seconds after a successful handshake, wgengine will send a
ping packet every 300ms to its peer. This ensures the spray logic
in magicsock has something to spray.
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
In particular, this is designed to catch the case where a
HandshakeInitiation packet is sent out but the intermediate NATs
have not been primed, so the packet passes over DERP.
In that case, the HandshakeResponse also comes back over DERP,
and the connection proceeds via DERP without ever trying to punch
through the NAT.
With this change, the HandshakeResponse (which was sprayed out
and so primed one NAT) triggers an UpdateDst, which triggers
the extra spray logic.
(For this to work, there has to be an initial supply of packets
to send on to a peer for the three seconds following a handshake.
The source of these packets is left as a future exercise.)
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
This is the first, and easier, part of incremental wireguard-go
reconfiguration. It means that a new node appearing on the
network does not cause all existing nodes to re-handshake with
the other nodes they are talking to.
(This code has been running on hello.ipn.dev for a few weeks and
peers have successfully reconnected to it through many network
map updates.)
Signed-off-by: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@tailscale.com>
And make the monitor package portable with no-op implementations on
unsupported operating systems.
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
* make RouterGen return an error, not take both tunname and tundev
* also remove RouteGen taking a wireguard/device.Device; currently unused
* remove derp parameter (it'll work differently)
* unexport NewUserspaceRouter in per-OS impls, add documented wrapper
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
The MTU is currently set when creating the tun device,
elsewhere in the code. Maybe someday we'll want some kind
of per-platform MTU configuration here, but not in the
short-medium term.
Signed-off-by: David Anderson <dave@natulte.net>
Brad Fitzpatrick
Avery Pennarun
David Anderson
David Crawshaw
Dmytro Shynkevych
Dmytro Shynkevych
Wendi Yu
fgergo
Elias Naur
Blake Gentry
David Anderson
Brad Fitzpatrick
Martin Baillie
wardn
Tobias Klauser
David Crawshaw
Earl Lee